Course contents:
1. Principle and techniques of heat transfer: Drying (including freeze drying), evaporation, distillation.
2. Extraction: Solvent extraction, solid/liquid separation, liquid/ liquid extraction, filtration, centrifugation.
3. Kinetics:
(a)
Physical degradation: Degredation of pharmaceutical products, loss of
water, absorption of water, loss of volatile constituents, polymorphism,
colour change.
(b)Chemical
degradation: Hydrolysis, oxidation, isomerization, polymerization,
decarboxylation, factors affecting chemical degradation, etc.
(c)
Chemical kinetics: Definitions, rates and orders of reactions, methods
for determination of orders of reactions, influence of temperature on
rate of reactions, theories of reaction rates, decomposition of
pharmaceutical products, accelerated test for physical, chemical and
photochemical stability, stability aspects of formulations, shelf life
determination.
4. Adsorption and interfacial phenomena:
Feundlich and Langmuir isotherms, BET equation, electrical properties
of interfaces, electrical double layer, Nernst equation and zeta
potential, Gibbs equation, surface active agents, emulgents, detergents
and antifoaming agents, surfactants and drug activity, surfactants and
pharmaceutical products, measurement of surface tension, application of
surface tension in pharmacy.
5. Rheology and rheology of dispersed systems: Newtonian
liquids, non-Newtonian materials, yield value, plastic (Bingham) and
pseudoplastic flow, dilatant and thixotropic flow, Poiseuillie’s
equation and measurement of viscosity, viscosity of suspending agents,
uses of viscosity studies; pharmaceutical product design applying
concept of rheology.
6. Colloids:
Classification, preparation, electrical and optional properties,
sedimentation, Stoke’s law, stability of colloidal dispersion,
protective colloid, sensitization, dialysis, Donnan membrane
equilibrium, application and uses of colloidal preparations in pharmacy.
7. Electrochemistry:
Electrical units and their interrelation, Faraday's laws of
electrolysis and electrochemical equivalents, electrolytic conduction,
equivalent conductance and the related facts, conductometric titrations,
transference numbers and their determination.
8. Electrochemical cells:
Electrode and cell potentials, energies involved in electrode
processes, reference electrodes, buffer solutions and measurement of pH,
potentiometric titrations and oxidation reduction systems,
concentration cells.
Teaching Strategy:
- Lecture,
- Discussion,
- Demonstration
- Brainstorming,
- Case Studies,
- Problem-based Learning (PBL),
- Project
- Video clips,
- Cooperative Learning,
Course objectives:
- Explain the principles of different techniques for the initial processing of matters
- Identify the kinetics, rheological and electrochemical properties of the matter and evaluate their
- importance in the preparation of pharmaceutical products
- Apply the knowledge of physical matters in the preparation of drug products
Assessment Strategy:
Grading System:
Numerical grade | | Letter Grade | Grade Point |
80% and above | A+ | | A Plus | 4.0 |
75% to less than 80% | A | | A Regular | 3.75 |
70% to less than 75% | A- | | A Minus | 3.5 |
65% to less than 70% | B+ | | B Plus | 3.25 |
60% to less than 65% | B | | B Regular | 3.0 |
55% to less than 60% | B- | | B Minus | 2.75 |
50% to less than 55% | C+ | | C Plus | 2.5 |
45% to less than 50% | C | | C Regular | 2.25 |
40% to less than 45% | D | | D Regular | 2.0 |
Less than 40% | F | | Fail | 0.0 |