Calculating Risk by Md. Atiqur Rahman Sumon - Friday, 27 August 2021, 6:33 PM Number of replies: 0 variance and standard deviation used to quantify and measure risk ØMeasures the spread in the probability distribution ØVariance of returns: σ² =å (Ri - E(R))²pri ØStandard deviation of returns: σ =(σ²)1/2 ØEx ante rather than ex-post σ relevant Permalink