TOPIC:  Evolution Phylogenetics 

Phylogenetics is the scientific study of phylogene. Phylogeny pertains to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms. Thus, phylogenetics is mainly concerned with the relationships of an organism to other organisms according to evolutionary similarities and differences. Phylogenetics, therefore, is a part of the biological systematics, which has a wider scope. The latter involves not only the phylogenetics of organisms but also the identification and classification of organisms. It is also related to taxonomy, which is a branch of science concerned also in finding, describing, classifying, and naming organisms, including the studying of the relationships between taxa and the principles underlying such a classification. Phylogenetics provides information to taxonomy when it comes to classification and identification of organisms.
In phylogenetics, DNA sequencing methods are used to analyze the observable heritable traits. It also makes use of a phylogenetic tree which is a diagram to show the hypothetical evolutionary histories and relationships of groups of organisms based on the phylogenies of different biological species. The phylogenetic tree has been used to understand biodiversity, genetics, evolutions, and ecology of organisms.

Topic : sequence alignment .

In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences.Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid  residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns. Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the distance  cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data.

I choose population genetics.Because i like to study   of genetic variations within  populations and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of gene.

 For this reason i choose population genetics.

Topic : Genome Annotation

Genome Annotation : Genome annotation is the process of identifying functional elements along the sequence of a genome, thus giving meaning to it. It is necessary because the sequencing of DNA produces sequences of unknown function. In the last three decades, genome annotation has evolved from the computational annotation of long protein-coding genes on single genomes (one per species), and the experimental annotation of short regulatory elements on a small number of them, into the population annotation of sole nucleotides on thousands of individual genomes (many per species). This increased resolution and inclusiveness of genome annotations  is leading to precise insights into the biology of species, populations and individuals alike.

TOPIC: Population genetics

With the advent of next-generation sequencing we are obtaining enough sequence data to map the genes of complex diseases infertility, breast cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Genome-wide association studies are a useful approach to pinpoint the mutations responsible for such complex diseases.Through these studies, thousands of DNA variants have been identified that are associated with similar diseases and traits.Furthermore, the possibility for genes to be used at prognosis, diagnosis or treatment is one of the most essential applications. Many studies are discussing both the promising ways to choose the genes to be used and the problems and pitfalls of using genes to predict disease presence or prognosis.

TOPIC: Population genetics

With the advent of next-generation sequencing we are obtaining enough sequence data to map the genes of complex diseases infertility, breast cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Genome-wide association studies are a useful approach to pinpoint the mutations responsible for such complex diseases.Through these studies, thousands of DNA variants have been identified that are associated with similar diseases and traits.Furthermore, the possibility for genes to be used at prognosis, diagnosis or treatment is one of the most essential applications. Many studies are discussing both the promising ways to choose the genes to be used and the problems and pitfalls of using genes to predict disease presence or prognosis.

Sequence alignment:

 Sequence alignment is the process of comparing and detecting similarities between biological sequences. What similarities are being detected will depend on the goals of the particular alignment process. Sequence alignment appears to be extremely useful in a number of bioinformatics applications.

TOPIC: Population Genetics.

Population genetics is a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and the changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection. Population geneticists pursue their goals by developing abstract mathematical models of gene frequency dynamics, trying to extract conclusions from those models about the likely patterns of genetic variation in actual populations, and testing the conclusions against empirical data.

Sequence alignment:

 Sequence alignment is the process of comparing and detecting similarities between biological sequences. What similarities are being detected will depend on the goals of the particular alignment process. Sequence alignment appears to be extremely useful in a number of bioinformatics applications

TOPIC: Population genetics.

Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time. Many of the genes found within a population will be polymorphic - that is, they will occur in a number of different forms (or alleles). Mathematical models are used to investigate and predict the occurrence of specific alleles or combinations of alleles in populations, based on developments in the molecular understanding of genetics, Mendel's laws of inheritance and modern evolutionary theory. The focus is the population or the species - not the individual.

Topic : sequence alignment .

In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences.Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid  residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns. Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the distance  cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data.

Population genetics

I think i will find interest in this topic.

I will choose Structure Prediction (RNA, Protein)

Protein structure prediction by using bioinformatics can involve sequence similarity searches, multiple sequence alignments, identification and characterization of domains, secondary structure prediction, solvent accessibility prediction, automatic protein fold recognition, constructing three-dimensional models to atomic detail, and model validation. 

This also can be applied in various fields and make collaborative approaches accessible to me. For example, I can use this knowledge to develop advanced forensic applications to detect two identical RNA/protein samples.

Toilpic: sequence alignment 

In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences

Population genetics, this topic I have chosen.

Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time. Many of the genes found within a population will be polymorphic - that is, they will occur in a number of different forms (or alleles). Mathematical models are used to investigate and predict the occurrence of specific alleles or combinations of alleles in populations, based on developments in the molecular understanding of genetics, Mendel's laws of inheritance and modern evolutionary theory. The focus is the population or the species - not the individual.

Sequence Alignment

By this topic i will know more about DNA,RNA.I feel interest about it.

Sequence Alignment

By this topic i will know more about DNA,RNA.I feel interest about it.

Topic: Sequence alignment

Sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns. Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the distance cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data. In bioinformatics, Sequence alignment is the process of comparing and detecting similarities between biological sequences. What similarities are being detected will depend on the goals of the particular alignment process. Sequence alignment appears to be extremely useful in a number of bioinformatics applications.

Population genetics

I'm looking forward to learn interesting things from this.

TOPIC :Population genetics

Topic : Population Genetics 

Population Genetics: Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time. Many of the genes found within a population will be polymorphic - that is, they will occur in a number of different forms (or alleles). Mathematical models are used to investigate and predict the occurrence of specific alleles or combinations of alleles in populations, based on developments in the molecular understanding of genetics, Mendel's laws of inheritance and modern evolutionary theory. The focus is the population or the species - not the individual

i choose the topic of population genetics.The fundamental importance of population genetics is the basic insights it provides into the mechanisms of evolution, some of which are far from intuitively obvious. Many of these insights came from the work of the first generation of population geneticists, notably Fisher, Haldane, and Wright

Topic: Population Genetics.

 Because I have more interest about this topic.

Topic : Population Genetics.

Population genetics is the study of the genetic composition of populations, including distributions and changes in genotype and phenotype frequency in response to the processes of natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.

Topic:Sequence Aligment

I have more interest about this topic because elucidation of interrelationship among sequence,structure,function and evolution of a family of genes or gene products is a central theme of modern molecular biology.Tosay's progress in multiple sequence alignment methods has been made by the multidisciplinary endeavors of mathematicians,computer scientists and biologists in verious fields including biophysicists in particular.

Genome Assembly

Genome assembly is the computational process of deciphering the sequence composition of the genetic material (DNA) within the cell of an organism, using numerous short sequences called reads derived from different portions of the target DNA as input.

Topic: Sequence alignment

 In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences.^[1] Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns. Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the distance cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data.

Population genetics

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure.^[1]

Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis. Its primary founders were Sewall Wright, J. B. S. Haldane and Ronald Fisher, who also laid the foundations for the related discipline of quantitative genetics. Traditionally a highly mathematical discipline, modern population genetics encompasses theoretical, lab, and field work. Population genetic models are used both for statistical inference from DNA sequence data and for proof/disproof of concept.

What sets population genetics apart today from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics, is its emphasis on genetic phenomena as dominance, epistasis, the degree to which genetic recombination breaks up linkage disequilibrium, and the random phenomena of mutation and genetic drift. This makes it appropriate for comparison to population genomics data.

Topic: Gene expression analysis

Gene expression analysis is increasingly important in many fields of biological research. Understanding patterns of expressed genes is assumed to provide insight into complex regulatory networks and can lead to the identification of genes relevant to specific biological processes, including disease. So i think it will be good option for further study and research.

.

I choose population genetics.Because i like to study   of genetic variations within  populations and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of gene.

 For this reason i choose population genetics.

My topic is Population genetics.

It is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure.

I will choose Computer-Aided Drug (CAD) Design

Topic: Computer-Aided Drug (CAD) Design

Computer-Aided Drug (CAD) Design

Computer-aided drug design has been credited to the modern patterns in compound characterization in drug discovery following its inception in 1981. It represents an advancement when compared to HTS as it requires a minimal compound design or prior knowledge, but can yield multiple hit compounds among which promising candidates have been elected. The typical role of CADD in drug discovery is to screen out large compound libraries into smaller clusters of predicted active compounds, enabling optimization of lead compounds by improving the biological properties and building chemotypes from a nucleating site by combining fragments with optimized function.

 Factors Affecting Drug Discovery

Ø  Medicinal requirements

Ø  Screening facilities

Ø  Drug development facilities

Ø  Expenses of the drug development process

 There are various parameters which have to be considered in designing of drugs; drug should be:

Ø  Safe and effective

Ø  Bioavailable

Ø  Metabolically stable

Ø  Minimal side effects

Ø  Selective target tissue distribution 

Applications of CADD

CADD Methods are Used for Target structure analysis, candidate molecule generation, docking of generated molecules with a target, give them rank according to bio affinities, and optimization of molecules for further improvement. CADD applied in the field of Research and development, target identification validation, and preclinical study. By using technologies like the automation in which high throughput screening offers leads to drug discovery faster in its millions of compounds could be synthesized as soon as possible. It takes approximately 7 - 12 years and $ 1.2 billion for new drugs to the market and also approx. Five out of 40,000 reaches a stage of preclinical testing, finally 1 out of 5 reaches clinical trials.

 Applications are:

Ø  Study of effect related to mutation

Ø  Identification of active binding sites

Ø  Searching of ligands for detected binding sites

Ø  Modeling of substrate

Drug - Receptor Interaction Analysis Through CADD

Experimental work, analysis, and computer simulation used for the information of drug-receptor interaction and finding a new active compound. They all work together, as analysis needed information on the 3-D structure of the molecules involved. After acquiring knowledge of biomolecular structure biomolecular docking is performed; which involves confirmation and orientation ‘pose’ of a small molecule (ligand) in the cavity of the target protein.

Computational Power By

Computational power by taking together with advanced analytical techniques like X-ray crystallography, NMR, etc. have improved application of CADD in the field of pharmaceutical industries like numerous of approved drugs that credited their discovery in large part to the tools of CADD were reported.

Populations Genetics 

I feel interest about this topic.

Sequence Alignment

I feel interest about this topic.

Topic----------- Population Genetics  

Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time. Many of the genes found within a population will be Polymorphic  - that is, they will occur in a number of different forms (or alleles). Mathematical models are used to investigate and predict the occurrence of specific alleles or combinations of alleles in populations, based on developments in the molecular understanding of genetics, Mendel's laws of inheritance and modern evolutionary theory. The focus is the population or the species - not the individual.

topic : Population Genetics

Population genetics is a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and the changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection. Population geneticists pursue their goals by developing abstract mathematical models of gene frequency dynamics, trying to extract conclusions from those models about the likely patterns of genetic variation in actual populations, and testing the conclusions against empirical data. A number of the more robust generalizations to emerge from population-genetic analysis are discussed below.

Population Genetics

Population genetics:

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure. 

I choose this topic because it's very interesting. 

Population Genetics :

Population genetics. Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time.

Its very interesting topic that's why I choose this topic .

Tropic : Sequence Alignment

In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns. Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the distance cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data.Although DNA and RNA nucleotide bases are more similar to each other than are amino acids, the conservation of base pairs can indicate a similar functional or structural role.

Sequence Alignment

I feel interest about this topic. I like to study  DNA , RNA , Protin .

I will choose - Structure Prediction (RNA, Protein)

RNA regulation is significantly dependent on its binding protein partner, known as the RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Unfortunately, the binding preferences for most RBPs are still not well characterized. Interdependencies between sequence and secondary structure specificities is challenging for both predicting RBP binding sites and accurate sequence and structure motifs detection.

This also can be applied in various fields and make collaborative approaches accessible to me. For example, I can use this knowledge to develop advanced forensic applications to detect two identical RNA/protein samples.

Sequence alignment:

 Sequence alignment is the process of comparing and detecting similarities between biological sequences.it is a very important part of learning. What similarities are being detected will depend on the goals of the particular alignment process. Sequence alignment appears to be extremely useful in a number of bioinformatics applications.

I choose population genetics.Because i like to study   of genetic variations within  populations and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of gene.

 For this reason i choose population genetics.

TOPIC :Population genetics

 Topics :population genetics .

Because i like to study   of genetic variations within  populations and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of gene.

 For this reason i choose population genetics.

Topic: Population Genetics.

Because i have more interest about this topic. 

Genome Annotation : Genome annotation is the process of identifying functional elements along the sequence of a genome, thus giving meaning to it. It is necessary because the sequencing of DNA produces sequences of unknown function. In the last three decades, genome annotation has evolved from the computational annotation of long protein-coding genes on single genomes (one per species), and the experimental annotation of short regulatory elements on a small number of them, into the population annotation of sole nucleotides on thousands of individual genomes (many per species). This increased resolution and inclusiveness of genome annotations  is leading to precise insights into the biology of species, populations and individuals alike.

Population Genetics