Rancidity in fats can be classified into two main types:
1.Hydrolytic Rancidity: This type of rancidity occurs when fats or oils are exposed to water or moisture, leading to hydrolysis of the ester bonds in triglycerides. This process results in the liberation of free fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolytic rancidity is often catalyzed by enzymes or microbial activity. Common examples include the rancidity of fats in foods exposed to high humidity or improper storage conditions.
2.Oxidative Rancidity: Oxidative rancidity is the most common type of rancidity and occurs due to the reaction of fats or oils with oxygen in the presence of heat, light, or catalysts (such as metals). This process leads to the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals, which initiate a chain reaction resulting in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. This oxidation process produces off-flavors, odors, and the formation of harmful compounds such as peroxides and aldehydes. Oxidative rancidity is responsible for the deterioration of fats in foods such as nuts, seeds, oils, and fried products when exposed to air, light, or high temperatures.
Both types of rancidity can result in undesirable changes in taste, odor, and nutritional quality of fats and foods containing fats. Proper storage, packaging, and handling techniques can help minimize the occurrence of rancidity and extend the shelf life of fat-containing products.