The ancient period spans a vast timeframe and includes diverse civilizations. It typically begins with the emergence of written records, around 3500 BCE. Key civilizations include Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and ancient China. Greece and Rome later played crucial roles, contributing to philosophy, art, and governance. The ancient period concludes with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, marking the transition to the medieval era. Each civilization had its unique achievements and challenges, shaping the course of human history.
