Basic concept of yarn (definition, classification, process flow). Short staple spinning: fiber characteristics influencing spinning, Blowroom (principles of opening and cleaning in blowroom, mixing and blending, extraction and control of waste, dust and metals, blowroom lines for different purposes, lap feed Vs. chute feed to cards, main settings, speeds, production), Carding (objects, detail study of revolving flat card, card wire, stripping and grinding, doffing, can coiling, extraction and control of waste, speeds, production, settings, control of neps and fiber damage), Draw Frame (principle of roller drafting, fiber control, drafting wave, effect of short/hooked fibers, mechanical faults causing periodic variation, effect of doubling, drafting systems, stop mechanisms, can coiling, roller settings, production, autoleveler). Long staple spinning: flow diagram of yarn production from Jute, batch selection and batching, batching emulsion, softening methods and machines, principle of jute carding, breaker and finisher carding machines, settings, speeds and production.