1.Ans:

According to some viewpoints, public policies are also considered as social determinants that reflect the influence of prevailing political ideologies.

    Example: Obama Health Insurance for US people

2.Ans:
Material culture consists of things that are created by humans. Examples include cars, buildings, clothing, and tools. Nonmaterial culture refers to the abstract ideas and ways of thinking that make up a culture. 
Examples of nonmaterial culture include traffic laws, words, and dress codes