The British Raj refers to the period of British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. It began after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence, which resulted in the transfer of control from the British East India Company to the British Crown.
Key features of the British Raj in India include:
Administrative Changes: The British colonial administration in India was characterized by a centralized and bureaucratic system. The Viceroy of India, appointed by the British monarch, became the head of the administration.
Economic Exploitation: The British East India Company initially focused on trade but later expanded its influence. Economic policies were often exploitative, and India became a supplier of raw materials for British industries.
Social and Cultural Impact: The British presence in India had a profound impact on Indian society and culture. Western education was introduced, leading to the emergence of a new class of English-educated Indians. The Indian social and religious reform movements also gained momentum during this period.
Infrastructure Development: The British invested in infrastructure projects such as railways, telegraphs, and postal services. While these developments facilitated communication and transportation, they were primarily aimed at serving British economic interests.
Partition of Bengal: In 1905, the British government announced the partition of Bengal, ostensibly for administrative reasons. However, it was widely perceived as an attempt to create religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims. The decision was met with strong opposition and protests, leading to the eventual annulment of the partition in 1911.
World Wars and Indian Nationalism: India played a significant role in both World War I and World War II, contributing troops and resources. The experience of war, coupled with the principles of democracy and self-determination promoted by the Allied powers, fueled the Indian independence movement.
Independence and Partition: After World War II, the demand for independence intensified. In 1947, the Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament, leading to the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The process resulted in communal violence and mass migrations along religious lines.