During the Hindu period, there were exemptions from punishment recognized within the legal framework. These exemptions often revolved around the concept of mitigating circumstances. For instance, some exemptions were granted based on age, with children or minors often receiving more lenient treatment. Additionally, mental incapacity or insanity could exempt an individual from punishment. Certain religious or caste-based considerations might also influence exemptions from punishment. Furthermore, acts committed under duress, in self-defense, or due to unavoidable necessity might warrant exemption from legal consequences, acknowledging circumstances that rendered the actions unavoidable or justifiable.
