Overview of communication systems: basic principles, fundamental elements, system limitations, message source, bandwidth requirements, transmission media types, transmission capacity.

Noise: sources of noise, characteristics of various types of noise and SNR, mathematical representation of noise: spectral components of noise, superposition of noise, linear filtering, noise bandwidth.

Continuous wave modulation: baseband transmission, carrier transmission; amplitude modulation: SSB, VSB, spectral analysis, envelope and synchronous detection; angle modulation: frequency modulation, phase modulation, spectral analysis, demodulation of FM and PM signals, noise in amplitude modulation systems, noise in frequency modulation systems.

Sampling: sampling theorem, Nyquist criteria, frequency aliasing, instantaneous and natural sampling.

Analog-to-digital conversion: pulse-amplitude modulation, quantization of signals, pulse-code modulation, non-uniform quantization, multiplexing PCM signals, differential PCM, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, noise in pulse code and delta modulation systems.

Digital modulation technique: ASK, FSK, BPSK, differential PSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK, M-ary PSK, minimum shift keying (MSK).

Multiplexing: Time-division multiplexing (TDM)- principle, receiver synchronization, frame synchronization, TDM of multiple bit rate systems; frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)- principle, demultiplexing. PDH, SONET/SDH.

Multiple-access techniques: Time-division multiple-access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA); code-division multiple access (CDMA) - spread spectrum multiplexing, coding techniques and constraints of CDMA.