The required rate of return (RRR) is the minimum amount of profit (return) an investor will seek or receive for assuming the risk of investing in a stock or another type of security. RRR is also used to calculate how profitable a project might be relative to the cost of funding that project.

Teleological Ethics: Concerning ends, and primarily with goals of action and their goodness or badness. Deontological Ethics: Concerning duty, and primarily with action. We should act in such ways as to make the greatest number of people as happy as possible