1. What is GIS?
Answer: A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data. GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all types of descriptive information (what things are like there). This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science and almost every industry. GIS helps users understand patterns, relationships, and geographic context. The benefits include improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision making.
2.What are the component of GIS?
Answer: The five components of GIS establish a fundamental framework upon which all types of geographically referenced information may be logically assembled and scientifically explored. Consisting of people, methods, data, software and hardware, the five components of GIS form a foundation that empowers users to analyze, visualize and improve an incredibly diverse spectrum of real-world issues.2,3 In the following paragraphs, the five components of GIS are explored in greater detail.
People
Logically, the most fundamental component of a successful geographic information system is people. Without a personal need for solutions to real-world problems provided by GIS, there is little purpose served by GIS technology. Fortunately, GIS technology is critically important and valuable to nearly every industry on earth and keeps a broad range of people employed. Personnel who work with GIS include analysts and others who access GIS to do their jobs every day, as well as teams of technical specialists who design, program and maintain geographic information systems.
Methods
To successfully integrate a GIS into an existing IT framework, every organization requires an overarching and methodically considered business plan. However, although a well-designed plan is a basic component of a top-notch GIS, the methods by which it is integrated and utilized will be unique to the business model and specific operating practices of each organization.
Data
An equally important component of GIS is data, including spatial or geographic data and attribute or related tabular data. Integrating spatial data with related attribute data is the basis for the powerful analytic, problem-solving and visualization functions of GIS. Data used by organizations may be collected and digitized in-house. Commercial data resources are also available for purchase from 3rd-party providers. An organization's GIS data is typically stored in and managed via a DBMS.
Software
Computer software is another essential component of geographic information systems. Without GIS software programs or apps, the ability to store, analyze and visualize GIS data would be impossible. Key GIS software applications include the DBMS, and a graphical user interface (GUI) or dashboard with menu options enabling users to digitize, store, manage and query GIS data, perform complex analyses and produce reports, charts, maps, globes and other compelling data-driven displays.
Hardware
The final component forming the basis of GIS is the computer hardware within which the GIS data and computer software applications are stored and accessed. Hardware requirements may vary widely based on organizational needs. Secure facilities may utilize intranet connections between centralized servers and laptops or desktop computers, scanners, printers, etc. Other organizations may utilize a GIS via high-speed internet-connected devices facilitating communications and collaboration between headquarters and remote locations. Smartphones, tablets and other mobile computing devices are increasingly utilizing GIS technologies, as well.