During the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent, the judicial system evolved significantly, incorporating Islamic legal principles. The highest courts in the capital cities were often referred to by specific names depending on the dynasty and period. Here are some of the notable courts during the Muslim period in the region that includes present-day Bangladesh:
### Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)
1. **Dar-ul-Qaza**: This was a principal court presided over by the Qazi (judge), who administered justice according to Islamic law (Sharia). The chief judge in the capital was known as the Qazi-ul-Quzat.
2. **Diwan-i-Qaza**: This term referred to the department of justice, overseeing the administration of law and order.
### Mughal Empire (1526-1857)
1. **Darbar-e-Ali**: The imperial court of the Mughal emperors, where the emperor himself often presided over important judicial matters. The emperor's decisions were final and binding.
2. **Diwan-i-Qaza**: Similar to the Delhi Sultanate, this was the department of justice under the Mughals, with the Qazi-ul-Quzat as the chief judge.
3. **Diwan-i-Mazalim**: This court dealt with grievances and complaints against state officials and powerful individuals. It was presided over by the emperor or a high-ranking noble.
4. **Shariat Courts**: These were courts where Qazis adjudicated cases based on Islamic law. They existed at various levels, including in the capital.
### Bengal Sultanate (1352-1576)
1. **Darbar**: The royal court where the Sultan handled high-level judicial and administrative matters.
2. **Sharia Courts**: These were headed by Qazis who applied Islamic law in their judgments.
### Nawabs of Bengal (1717-1757)
1. **Adalat**: The term used for courts during the rule of the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawab’s court in the capital (Murshidabad) was the highest authority.
2. **Dar-ul-Qaza**: Continuation of the traditional Islamic judicial system with Qazis administering justice.
### Summary
In summary, the names of the highest courts in the capital during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent included **Dar-ul-Qaza**, **Diwan-i-Qaza**, **Diwan-i-Mazalim**, and **Darbar-e-Ali**. These courts were central to the administration of justice, with the Qazi-ul-Quzat often being the chief judicial authority under the Sultan or Emperor.