In the ancient judicial system of the Muslim period, various methods of punishment were employed to maintain law and order and to administer justice. Some of the common methods of punishment during this time included:
1. **Fines (Tazir)**: Tazir was a discretionary punishment imposed by the judge based on the severity of the offense. It often involved monetary fines or other forms of penalty determined by the judge.
2. **Corporal Punishment (Hudud)**: Hudud punishments were fixed penalties prescribed by Islamic law for specific offenses such as theft, adultery, and apostasy. These punishments could include flogging, amputation of limbs, or stoning to death, depending on the nature of the crime.
3. **Retribution (Qisas)**: Qisas refers to the principle of retributive justice where the punishment is equivalent to the harm inflicted by the perpetrator. This could involve physical retaliation or compensation to the victim or their family.
4. **Imprisonment (Tawbeeq)**: Imprisonment was sometimes used as a form of punishment, especially for serious offenses or for individuals awaiting trial.
5. **Exile (Hijrat)**: Exile involved banishing individuals from their place of residence or from the territory of the state as a punishment for their crimes.
6. **Public Humiliation (Makruh)**: In some cases, individuals were subjected to public humiliation as a form of punishment, such as being paraded through the streets or being subjected to verbal abuse.
These methods of punishment were administered by the judicial authorities of the time, often in accordance with Islamic law and the prevailing legal norms of the Muslim period.